Program on International Law and Armed Conflict

This is a research guide for the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (PILAC). It provides information about helpful resources for the program's research and work.

Research Librarian Jennifer Allison, who is the Harvard Law Library's PILAC liaison, created and maintains this guide. 

Click the PDF icon above to access the PowerPoint from Jennifer's training class on October 20, 2014.

The class covered these topics:

• Asking questions and creating a research outline
• "Smart" Googling to compile initial information
• Searching specific sites, like icrc.org, for information about the topic using the keywords you have learned
• Building a bibliography of relevant scholarly articles, using Google Scholar, Hollis+, and legal periodical indexes like LegalTrac
• Researching primary sources, including treaties and customary law

For help, visit the HLSL Ask a Librarian website: http://asklib.law.harvard.edu.  

This site includes links to all of our research guides, contact information for the research librarians (phone, text, email, chat), and a schedule of our training classes.  

This section discusses guiding principles with which PILAC is concerned. It provides definitions, quick links to web resources and articles, and references to books that provide more in-depth discussions of the topics.

This section will continue to be updated. If you have suggestions for additions to this section, please contact Jennifer.

International Humanitarian Law (IHL) creates legal restrictions on waging warfare for the purpose of protecting non-participants. It is comprised of international treaties and customary law.

Jus in Bello is the body of legal norms that regulate the conduct of participants in armed conflict.

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) provides humanitarian protection of and assistance to people impacted by war and armed conflict. In addition to its work on the ground, the ICRC also provides resources for IHL research.

In scholarly literature, Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello are often discussed together. They may be discussed under broader philosophical, religious, or moral principles using the terms Just War Theory or Just War Doctrine (Jus Bellum Iustum). Sometimes these are discussed in combination with a third principle, Jus Post Bellum, which encompasses post-conflict legal norms.

Below are listed selected scholarly articles that discuss these principles.

Use the Harvard Libraries' Hollis library catalog to search for books, book chapters, articles (from scholarly journals to newspapers and magazines), internet sources, and other types of materials in the Harvard Libraries' collections.

Maximize your Hollis searching experience as follows:

1. Always sign in with your HUID credentials to save your searches and search results. If you are off campus, this will ensure you see everything, including subscription database content.
2. Limit your search results using the options on the left side of the search results screen.  To select several options under a single limiter, click More Options and select your options in the pop-up window.
3. Use the Advanced Search option to search specific data fields, including title, author, Library of Congress subject heading, ISBN, and others.
4. Use "Browse Shelf." In a book record, click the Browse Shelf tab to see other books that would be shelved near it if the Harvard Libraries (including the Harvard Depository) were one big collection.

Questions about using Hollis? Check out the Hollis FAQs and Quick Tips, or contact the law library's research librarians.

Library of Congress (LC) subject headings are a controlled vocabulary of subjects used by the Harvard Library catalogers to categorize library materials. They can be useful for finding multiple sources on the same topic, especially sources in languages other than English, where keywords may not be sufficiently precise.

The Library of Congress has a very helpful and brief explanation of how to search a library catalog using LC subject headings. In addition to outlining the principles of subject headings, it offers four excellent suggestions for finding the appropriate subject headings for your search. 

In the Hollis library catalog, you can use LC subject headings to browse and search.

1.  On the Hollis+ home page, click Browse HOLLIS by...

2.  In the menu on the left, select By Subject. Then, type words that describe your desired subject in the search box and click Browse Hollis.

3. A list of relevant subjects will be displayed. If there are any potential alternative or related subjects, they will be indicated by See:.

4. Click the linked number next to the subject heading that best describes the titles you would like to see.

The books listed below provide a general introduction to the law of war and armed conflict.

Some publishers offer series of works that discuss topics relevant to war, armed conflict, and international humanitarian law research.  Click a series link below to view a list of the series titles in the Harvard Libraries collection.

Masters theses and PhD dissertations provide book-length information on topics of interest to PILAC and bibliographies of relevant research materials. 

Harvard affiliates can click the journal titles below for information about print and electronic access to them. Journal website links are also provided; some include free content.

To find additional journals not listed in this guide, try searching these journal directories.

This section of the guide presents topic-specific materials for PILAC research projects.   

It is impossible to list every book and article on every topic in a research guide.  Accordingly, each tab shows selected resources related to these topics, selected according to these guidelines:

• In general, only recent (post-2010) materials are included. These will cite older seminal works, so review their citations and references carefully.
• When possible, links are to final published articles (not drafts or working versions).

Finding Additional Sources

This section of the guide cannot include every possible resource on these topics. Make sure you also look at:

• Bibliographies of writings of important IHL scholars, listed under Helpful Information for Research > Scholars
• Journal indexes, listed under Journals
• General IHL bibliographies, listed under Helpful Information for Research > Reference Materials

Trello Sites

PILAC has Trello sites for some research projects. If a Trello site has been set up for a topic, a link to the site is included on the topic tab. Access to these Trello sites is restricted to PILAC researchers.

According to the ICRC, in modern combat, "[c]ivilians have been increasingly involved in activities more closely related to the conduct of hostilities, thus blurring the distinction between civilian and military functions. This has created uncertainty as to how the principle of distinction, the very cornerstone of IHL, should be implemented in the reality of contemporary military operations." 

For more information on this topic, see the ICRC's Direct Participation in Hostilities homepage.

The use of drones in war and armed conflict also falls under several broader topics covered in this section of the guide, including asymmetrical warfare, evolving nature of warfare, and extraterritorial use of lethal force. However, there has been a significant amount scholarship generated in the last few years specifically discussing legal issues surrounding the use of drones. 

Visit the TRELLO BOARD for this topic.

This broad topic covers multiple concepts, including targeted killings, extraterritorial self-defense (anticipatory/preemptive and otherwise), and state-sponsored acts of extraterritorial terrorism.

Visit the TRELLO BOARD for this topic.

Review the PILAC Resource: Indefinite War: Unsettled International Law on the End of Armed Conflict.

This section includes materials about the end of wars/conflicts and about post-conflict/transitional justice. Other sections of this guide may be relevant, including:

• Jus ad Bellum and Jus In Bello (particularly the materials related to Just War Theory)
• International Tribunals

Visit the TRELLO BOARD for this topic.

Review the PILAC Legal Briefing - Medical Care in Armed Conflict: IHL and State Responses to Terrorism.

Research Tips:

1.  There is a Library of Congress subject heading that relates to this topic:  War -- Health Aspects.  When searching for items in HOLLIS+, you can enter this as a subject keyword.

2.  The literature on this topic discusses "public health" generally rather than "medical assistance" specifically.  In addition, "war" tends to be used more frequently than "armed conflict."  

3.  Literature that focuses on women's/children's rights in armed conflict often includes a sub-discussion of the provision of specific healthcare services for them. 

According to the ICRC, a "non-international armed conflict" (NIAC) are those conflicts "between governmental forces and non-governmental armed groups, or between such groups only." Specific characteristics of an NIAC are further defined in the ICRC Opinion Paper on Armed Conflict (PDF).

This section includes links to additional materials that may be helpful for the research conducted by PILAC, such as relevant blogs, other institutes involved in similar work, and IHL scholars. If your research involves United Nations documents and materials, check out the links in this section to the UN Library's research guides.

To suggest additional topics for this section of the guide, please contact Jennifer.

Includes online data aggregator services for armed conflict data.

Check out these resources for additional information about war and armed conflict datasets and using them for your research.

This section lists miscellaneous collections of digitized documents that may be useful for PILAC research projects.

The Peace Palace Library provides research support and services for Peace Palace institutions, including the International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the Hague Academy of International Law.

The library has created an extensive collection of research guides, including several that discuss war, peace, and security (shown below, click the graphic to go directly to this page).

Below is a list of scholars and academics who teach and research IHL and armed conflict law.  Links to websites with biographical information and, when available, bibliographies are provided.

The documentary history of the preparation of an international agreement is generally known as its Travaux Préparatoires. The resources below can be helpful in finding these materials for international treaties and agreements.

The UN's Dag Hammarskjöld Library's online research guides are helpful for research involving UN documents and materials. Some of the more relevant of these guides to PILAC's research activities include the following:

The Stockton e-Portal is a research resource for armed conflict law.  It is maintained by Sasha Radin, diector of research at the U.S. Naval War College Stockton Center for the Sutdy of International Law.

Highlights:

• Links to key armed conflict treaties
• A directory of IHL-related case law from Canada, Israel, the UK, the US, and several international tribunals
• Materials on armed conflict-related investigations
• Links to military legal manuals from jurisdictions in the Americas and Europe
• A directory of defense ministries from around the world

For help, visit the HLSL Ask a Librarian website: http://asklib.law.harvard.edu.  

This site includes links to all of our research guides, contact information for the research librarians (phone, text, email, chat), and a schedule of our training classes.  

You may also contact Jennifer directly (contact information is at the top of this page).